Green roofing system including dimpled anchor layer

ABSTRACT

A roofing panel includes a carrier comprising a web with an upper surface; a plurality of water retention compartments provided in the web and depending generally downwardly from the upper surface of the web; an anchor layer overlying at least a portion of the upper surface of the web, the anchor layer having an underside surface generally bearing against the upper surface of the web; and a plurality of dimples provided in the anchor layer, each of the dimples comprising a protruding portion extending generally downwardly from the underside surface of the anchor layer, each protruding portion adapted to nest at least partially within a respective one of the water retention compartments.

FIELD

The present invention relates to the field of green roofing. Moreparticularly, the invention relates to apparatus, systems and methodsfor green roofing in which a dimpled anchor layer is provided

BACKGROUND

Green roofing involves the installation of green space on the rooftopsof buildings and on other structures. A green roof extends the lifespanof traditional roofing materials, reduces building cooling and heatingenergy costs, manages storm water runoff, improves air quality, andcreates a more esthetically pleasing environment.

Notwithstanding the benefits of green roofing, there has been relativelylittle prior development in the field. A typical green roof includes awaterproof membrane disposed on the surface of a roof, a drainage layercomprising gravel or another suitable material, a filter membrane,growth medium that may be loose or contained, for example, in a mat madeof rock wool, and vegetation such as herbs, grasses, mosses, wild plantsand flowers, and other plants.

Typically, a green roof is installed directly on the surface of a roof.There are several problems associated with these current technologies.The vegetation of green roofs installed directly on the surface of aroof is typically grown from seed on the roof after the other componentsof the green roof are installed. This growing period results inincreased maintenance costs, loss of growth medium from wind erosion andother natural forces, and delays the realization of benefits from thegreen roof. Green roofs installed in this fashion are also typicallypermanent fixtures and, as such, render repairs to the underlying roofvery expensive. In addition to these problems, green roofs installeddirectly on the surface of a roof typically lack water retention meansother than those inherent in the vegetation and growth medium. Thisresults in less efficient management of storm water runoff, as well asincreasing the maintenance required by the green roof during dryseasons, such as watering.

Thus, there is a need for an improved green roofing apparatus, system,and method.

SUMMARY

In a broad aspect of the invention, there is provided a roofing panelcomprising a carrier having a web with a top portion, an anchor layerpositioned adjacent the top portion of the web, and a plurality of waterretention compartments formed in the web.

In another broad aspect of the invention the anchor layer is affixed tothe top portion of the web.

In another broad aspect of the invention, there is provided a roofingsystem comprising a plurality of roofing panels installed on anunderlying surface. Each of the roofing panels comprises a carrierhaving a web with a top portion, an anchor layer positioned adjacent thetop portion of the web, and a plurality of water retention compartmentsformed in the web.

In another broad aspect of the invention the anchor layer of eachroofing panel of the system is affixed to the to the top portion of theweb of the roofing panel.

According to another aspect, a roofing panel includes a carrier having aweb with an upper surface; a plurality of water retention compartmentsprovided in the web and depending generally downwardly from the uppersurface of the web; an anchor layer overlying at least a portion of theupper surface of the web, the anchor layer having an underside surfacegenerally bearing against the upper surface of the web; and a pluralityof dimples provided on the anchor layer, each of the dimples comprisinga protruding portion extending generally downwardly from the undersidesurface of the anchor layer, the protruding portions adapted to bereceived at least partially within respective ones of the waterretention compartments.

The dimples can be positioned on the anchor to correspond to positionsof the water retention compartments on the web, such that the protrudingportions of at least a first group of the dimples nest inside a firstgroup of the water retention compartments. The water retentioncompartments can be positioned on the web in a repeating pattern. Theprotruding portions can be shaped to correspond to an interior surfaceof the water retention compartments in which the protruding portions arenested. The protruding portions can extend to a sufficient depth withinthe water retention compartments to generally abut a lower surface ofthe water retention compartments.

Each of the dimples can comprises a base and a sidewall extending fromthe underside of the anchor layer to the base. The dimples can begenerally circular in shape when viewed from above, the dimples eachhaving a diameter between 1 cm and 25 cm, and a depth between 0.1 cm and10 cm. Each dimple can have an interior defining a recess in a topsurface of the anchor, the top surface disposed opposite the undersidesurface. Each recess in the dimples can define a sump, and the carriercan further comprises drainage holes, the drainage holes being locatedaway from the sump.

The anchor layer can comprise intertwined fibers, and the sidewall ofeach of the dimples can have a lower intertwined fiber density thanother portions of the anchor layer. The anchor layer can furthercomprise pre-grown vegetation, the pre-grown vegetation being grown at asite remote from the site of installation of the roofing panel.

According to another aspect, a method of producing a roofing panelcomprising the steps of: placing a blank anchor layer in a stampingmachine, wherein the stamping machine comprises: a first platecomprising a plurality of male heads, and a second plate comprising aplurality of female wells, the male heads and female wells being alignedsuch that the male heads are receivable within the female wells, theblank anchor layer being placed between the first plate and the secondplate; and forming a plurality of dimples in the blank anchor layer byclosing the first plate and the second plate together such that the maleheads align with the female wells.

The method can include the step of laying the blank anchor layer on anupper surface of a carrier, the carrier comprising a web, and aplurality of water retention compartments formed in the web, wherein afirst group of the dimples nest inside a first group of the waterretention compartments. The step of forming the dimples can includepressing an underside of the blank anchor layer against the uppersurface of the carrier. The method can include the step of placing anadhesive on at least one of an underside surface of the blank anchorlayer and the upper surface of the carrier. The method can include thestep of curing the adhesive.

According to another aspect, a roofing system includes a plurality ofroofing panels, each of the plurality of roofing panels comprising: acarrier comprising a web with an upper surface; a plurality of waterretention compartments provided in the web and depending generallydownwardly from the upper surface; an anchor layer overlying at least aportion of the upper surface of the web such that an underside of theanchor layer at least partially contacts the upper surface of the web;and a plurality of dimples formed in the anchor layer, wherein each ofthe dimples comprises a protruding portion extending from an undersideof the anchor layer, wherein at least one of the protruding portionsnests inside at least one of the water retention compartments.

The plurality of roofing panels can include: a first roofing panel witha first group of water retention compartments located laterally adjacenta first edge of the carrier of the first roofing panel; a second roofingpanel with a second group of water retention compartments locatedlaterally adjacent a second edge of the carrier of the second roofingpanel; and wherein the first group of water retention compartments nestswithin the second group of water retention compartments. A first groupof the dimples on the anchor layer of one of the first roofing panel orthe second roofing panel can be nested inside the first group of waterretention compartments. The water retention compartments and the dimplescan be provided in a repeating pattern to allow nesting of a first groupof water retention compartments of a first roofing panel inside a secondgroup of water retention compartments of a second roofing panel.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a top view of a green roofing panel.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a green roofing panel.

FIG. 3 is a top view of another embodiment of a green roofing panel.

FIG. 4 is a top view of another embodiment of a green roofing panel.

FIG. 5 is a top view of another embodiment of a green roofing panel.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a green roofingpanel.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a greenroofing panel.

FIG. 8 is a top view of a green roofing panel having drainage means.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a green roofing panel havingdrainage means.

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a carrier.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a carrier.

FIG. 12 is a top view of a green roofing panel having drains.

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a drain.

FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of interlocking water retentioncompartments.

FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of interlocking water retentioncompartments.

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of a water retention compartment.

FIG. 17 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a water retentioncompartment.

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of nesting water retentioncompartments.

FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of nesting water retentioncompartments.

FIG. 20 is a top view of another embodiment of a carrier.

FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of a green roofing panel having afilter.

FIG. 22 is a top view of a green roofing system.

FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view of a green roofing system.

FIG. 24 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a green roofingsystem.

FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view of an installed green roofing system.

FIG. 26 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a green roofingsystem.

FIG. 26B is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a green roofingsystem.

FIG. 27 is a cross-sectional view of an edge detail.

FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional view of a green roofing system installedwith an edge detail.

FIG. 29 is a top view of an embodiment of a green roofing system.

FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a green roofingsystem.

FIG. 31 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a green roofingsystem.

FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a green roofingsystem.

FIG. 33 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a green roofingsystem.

FIG. 34 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a green roofingsystem.

FIG. 35 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a green roofingsystem.

FIG. 36 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a green roofingsystem.

FIG. 37 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a green roofingsystem.

FIG. 38 is a cross-sectional view of a green roofing system installedwith a tension system.

FIG. 39 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a green roofingsystem.

FIG. 39B is a perspective view of an embodiment of a green roofingsystem.

FIG. 39C is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a green roofingsystem.

FIG. 40 is a top view of a green roofing system with irrigation means.

FIG. 41 is a cross-sectional view of a green roofing system withirrigation means.

FIG. 42 is a side view of a bracket.

FIG. 43 is a top view of a green roofing system with irrigation meansand sprinklers.

FIG. 44 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a green peakattachment adapter.

FIG. 45 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a green roofingsystem.

FIG. 46 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a green roofingsystem.

FIG. 47 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a green roofingsystem.

FIG. 48 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a green roofingsystem having an anchor with dimples.

FIG. 49 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a green roofingsystem having an anchor with dimples and vegetation growing from theanchor.

FIG. 50 is a perspective view of a stamping tool for making a roofingpanel or portions thereof.

FIG. 51 is a cross sectional view of a portion of the tool of FIG. 50shown in a closed position.

FIG. 52 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a roofing panel.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various apparatuses or processes will be described below to provide anexample of an embodiment of each claimed invention. No embodimentdescribed below limits any claimed invention and any claimed inventionmay cover processes or apparatuses that are not described below. Theclaimed inventions are not limited to apparatuses or processes havingall of the features of any one apparatus or process described below orto features common to multiple or all of the apparatuses describedbelow. It is possible that an apparatus or process described below isnot an embodiment of any claimed invention. The applicants, inventors orowners reserve all rights that they may have in any invention disclosedin an apparatus or process described below that is not claimed in thisdocument, for example the right to claim such an invention in acontinuing application and do not intend to abandon, disclaim ordedicate to the public any such invention by its disclosure in thisdocument.

Reference is first made to FIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 1 is a top view of agreen roofing panel 100 according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is across-sectional view of a portion of panel 100 as viewed from the line2-2. Panel 100 is shaped and sized in order to fit the area in which itis to be installed. Typically, panel 100 is rectangular having firstsides 102 between 0.5 m and 100 m in length and second sides 104 between0.5 m and 4 m in length. Panel 100 includes a carrier 108 and an anchorlayer 106. Carrier 108 is formed of a web 110 with a plurality of waterretention compartments 112 formed in web 110.

Typically, a system comprising several panels 100 is used to growvegetation on the roof of a building. Vegetation is grown in anchorlayer 106, and water retention compartments 112 serve to store watersupplied to the system for consumption by vegetation.

As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, anchor layer 106 is affixed to carrier 108.Anchor layer 106 can be affixed to carrier 108 by any suitable meansincluding, but not limited to, chemical bonds, heat bonds, mechanicalbonds, and mechanical fasteners such as rivets, stitching, clips,screws, nuts, or bolts, and combinations thereof. Anchor layer 106 ispositioned on carrier 108 such that one or more water retentioncompartments 112 are left uncovered by anchor layer 106.

Reference is next made to FIG. 3, which illustrates a panel 300according to the invention. Panel 300 is similar to panel 100 andcorresponding components are identified with similar reference numerals.Panel 300 has an anchor layer 306 positioned on a carrier 308 such thatthe anchor layer 306 is bordered by two rows of exposed water retentioncompartments 312 on all four sides.

Reference is next made to FIG. 4, which illustrates a panel 400according to the invention. Panel 400 is similar to panel 100 andcorresponding components are identified with similar reference numerals.Panel 400 has an anchor layer 406 positioned on a carrier 408 such thatanchor layer 406 is bordered by four rows of water retentioncompartments 412 on two adjacent sides.

Reference is next made to FIG. 5, which illustrates a panel 500according to the invention. Panel 500 is similar to panel 100 andcorresponding components are identified with similar reference numerals.Panel 500 has an anchor layer 506 positioned on a carrier 508 such thatall water retention compartments 512 are covered by anchor layer 506.

Typically, anchor layer 106 is porous sheet of regular or irregularthree-dimensional mesh or screen. For example, anchor layer 106 may be asheet of intertwined fibers, wire, or coated wire. Anchor layer 106 canbe made of any suitable material including, but not limited to, plasticssuch as such as polyester, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, andpolypropylene, wires made of metals such as steel and copper, organicmaterials such as hemp, rockwool, wood fibers, and coconut fibers, andcombinations thereof.

Anchor layer 106 may have any dimensions suitable for a particularembodiment. In one embodiment, anchor layer 106 is between 0.1 cm and 20cm thick.

Carrier 108 can be made of any suitable material including, but notlimited to, rubber, and plastics such as polyester, polyethylene,polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, and combinations thereof. In someembodiments, carrier 108 is made of a plastic that is sufficientlyflexible such that panel 100 can be rolled by hand and cut with handtools.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 6 and 7. FIG. 6 is a perspective view ofanother embodiment of a green roofing panel 600 according to the presentinvention. FIG. 7 is cross-sectional view of a portion of panel 600.Panel 600 is similar to panel 100 and corresponding components areidentified with similar reference numerals.

As shown in FIG. 6, an anchor layer 606 is affixed to a carrier 608 byrivets 614, but may be attached by other suitable fasteners such asplastic welding (shown at 615) stitching, clips, screws, nuts, or bolts,and combinations thereof, for example. In the embodiments shown in FIGS.6 and 7, anchor layer 606 is made of a porous material of tightlyintertwined fibers commonly referred to as rock wool. In use, anchorlayer 606 provides a means for supporting the growth of vegetation.Typically, the roots of vegetation propagate into, and become entangledin, anchor layer 606. By this, anchor layer 606 provides physicalsupport to the vegetation. Anchor layer 606 also retains water andnutrients that are supplied to it and in turn supplies the water andnutrients to the vegetation. Anchor layer 606 may also be impregnatedwith a growth medium or covered in growth medium. Growth medium may bechosen from a variety of materials. For example, many soils, sands, andgravels may be used. As well, clay, gravel, fertilizer, peat, compost,super-absorbent polymers, and combinations thereof may be used in otherembodiments, for example.

Plastic welding 615 is formed using a plastic injection welder such theDrader Injectiweld manufactured by Drader Injectiweld, Inc. of Edmonton,Canada. In practice, molten plastic such as polyethylene orpolypropylene, for example, is injected into holes disposed in anchorlayer 606 in fluid communication with carrier 610. Once the plastic hascured, anchor layer 606 and carrier 610 are connected by plastic weld615.

In some embodiments, carrier 108 is water impermeable and has nodrainage means, it can act as a waterproofing layer.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 8 and 9, which illustrate variousalternatives for carrier 108, shown at 808. Carrier 808 is similar tocarrier 108 and corresponding components are identified with similarreference numerals. Carrier 808 has drainage means 816. Drainage means816 can be on web 810, or in water retention compartments 812, or both.In some embodiments drainage means 816 are holes penetrated through web810, or water retention compartments 812, or both. The location, numberand dimensions of drainage means 816 are determined by design parameterssuch as climate, water or drainage requirements for the green roofingsystem, and the ability of the underlying roof to support the weight ofwater held by the green roofing system. For example, in wet climates,greater drainage can be accomplished with a greater number of holes orlarger holes or both. The location of drainage means 816 in waterretention compartments 812 also controls drainage. The closer drainagemeans 816 are to the bottom of water retention compartment 812 the lesswater will be retained.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 10 and 11, which illustrate perspectiveviews of further embodiments of carrier 108, shown at 1008 and 1108respectively, corresponding components are identified with similarreference numerals. Carriers 1008, 1108 have drainage means 1016, 1116,but are otherwise similar to carrier 108 and corresponding componentsare identified with similar reference numerals.

Also shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 are different arrangements of rows ofwater retention compartments 1012, 1112. In the embodiment shown in FIG.11, the water retention compartments 1112 are arranged in a side-by-sideconfiguration. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 10, water retentioncompartments 1012 are arranged in a staggered configuration. In otherembodiments, different arrangements are also possible, for example.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 12 and 13. FIG. 12 illustrates a top viewof another embodiment of green roofing panel 1200 having drains 1218.Panel 1200 is similar to panel 100 and corresponding components areidentified with similar reference numerals. FIG. 13 is a perspectiveview of drain 1218 with a cap 1219. Sections of panel 1200 are removedsuch that drains 1218 can be installed. The number, dimensions, andlocations of drains 1218 are determined based on the expectedprecipitation. Drains 1218 are particularly suited to wet climates, andfor locations where the temperature drops below freezing. Drain 1218 isa pipe 1220 with one or more drain holes 1222 penetrated through itswalls. The length of drain 1218 depends on design parameters, but drain1218 should extend from underlying surface 2224 beyond the expectedheight of growth medium 2226 (shown in FIG. 23). Pipe 1220 can be madeof any suitable material including, but not limited to, rubbers,plastics and metals.

In another embodiment (not shown) pipe 1220 is a shaped porous mesh. Themesh can be made of any suitable material including, but not limited to,rubbers, plastics and metals.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 14 and 15, which illustratecross-sectional views of interlocking water retention compartments 1412Aand 1412B, of panels 1400A and 1400B, respectively. Water retentioncompartments 1412A, 1412B are similar to water retention compartments112, and panels 1400 are similar to panels 100, and correspondingcomponents are identified with similar reference numerals. In someembodiments, water retention compartments 1412A, 1412B are formed suchthat the outer surface has a first interlocking member 1428 and theinner surface has a second interlocking member 1430. Water retentioncompartments 1412A, 1412B are interlocked by pressing first interlockingmember 1428 of one water retention compartment 1412A into secondinterlocking member 1430 of another water retention compartment 1412B.Interlocked water retention compartments 1412A, 1412B can be pulledapart. In some embodiments water retention compartments 1412A, 1412B canbe interlocked by an interference fit.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 16 and 17. FIG. 16 is a perspective viewof water retention compartment 1612. FIG. 17 illustrates a side view ofanother embodiment of water retention compartment 1712. Water retentioncompartments 1612 and 1712 are similar to water retention compartments112, and corresponding components are identified with similar referencenumerals.

Water retention compartments 112 can be any practical size or shape. Thevolume of a water retention compartment 112 may range from 5 ml to 250ml.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 18 and 19, which show cross-sectionalviews of an embodiment of nesting water retention compartments 1812A and1812B, of two separate panels 1800A and 1800B, respectively. Waterretention compartments 1812A, 1812B are similar to water retentioncompartments 112, and panels 1800A, 1800B are similar to panels 100, andcorresponding components are identified with similar reference numerals.Water retention compartments 1812A, 1812B are formed such that the outersurface of a water retention compartment 1812A is receivable by anotherwater retention compartment 1812B, as shown. In this way panels 1800Aand 1800B can be connected to each other by overlapping panel 1800B withpanel 1800A such that a row of water retention compartments 1812A inpanel 1800A nest in a corresponding row of water retention compartments1812B in panel 1800B. Optionally, panels 1800A and 1800B may be affixedto each other by fasteners 1832, as shown in FIGS. 18 and 19. Suitablefasteners include rivets, staples, stitching, clips, screws, nuts andbolts, and combinations thereof, for example. Chemical bonds, heatbonds, and other adhesives such as plastic welding may also be used toaffix separate panels 1800A and 1800B to each other.

Reference is now made to FIG. 20. FIG. 20 illustrates a top view ofanother embodiment of carrier 2008. Carrier 2008 is similar to carrier108, and corresponding components are identified with similar referencenumerals. In this embodiment one or more water retention compartments2012A are of lesser volume than remaining water retention compartments2012B such that interlocking first interlocking members 2028 (not shown)with second interlocking members 2030 (not shown) is facilitated.

Reference is now made to FIG. 21. FIG. 21 illustrates a cross-sectionalview of another embodiment of panel 100, shown at 2100. Panel 2100 issimilar to panel 100, and corresponding components are identified withsimilar reference numerals. A filter 2134 is disposed between a carrier2108 and an anchor layer 2106.

In this embodiment, anchor layer 2106 and filter 2134 can be affixed toeach other and to carrier 2108 by any suitable means including, but notlimited to, chemical bonds, heat bonds, and mechanical fasteners such asrivets or stitching, and by plastic welding. Anchor layer 2106 andfilter 2134 are positioned on carrier 2108 such that one or more waterretention compartments 2112 are left uncovered by anchor layer 2106 andfilter 2134.

Filter 2134 may be of any suitable water permeable material that impedesthe passage of growth medium 2226 (FIG. 23), such materials include, butare not limited to, polyester, cotton, rock-wool, and combinationsthereof. In some embodiments filter 2134 is a woven material. Filter2134 may have any practical dimensions as design parameters permit. Inone embodiment filter 2134 is between 0.01 mm and 80 mm thick.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 22 and 23. FIG. 22 illustrates a top viewof an embodiment of a green roofing system 2236 according to the presentinvention. In this embodiment, green roofing system 2236 is partiallyinstalled and covers an underlying surface 2224 surrounded by a curb2238. FIG. 23 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of greenroofing system 2236. Green roofing system 2236 includes panels 2200A and2200B but more panels may be used, growth medium 2226, and vegetation2240. Green roofing system 2236 may be used with all embodiments ofgreen roofing panels 100.

Panels 2200A and 2200B are connected by interlocking, or nesting, waterretention compartments 2212 as described above. Water retentioncompartments 2212 of panel 2200A are interlocked (or nested) withcorresponding water retention compartments 2212 of panel 2200B. As manyor as few water retention compartments 2212 may be interlocked (ornested) as are required to securely install green roofing system 2236.

Growth medium 2226 may be any medium suitable for growing vegetation2240 including, but not limited to, soil, sand, clay, gravel,fertilizer, peat, compost, super-absorbent polymers, and combinationsthereof.

Vegetation 2240 includes, but is not limited to, herbs, grasses, mosses,wild plants, wild flowers, other plants, and combinations thereof.

Green roofing system 2236 may be installed on any suitable surfaceincluding, but not limited to, flat roofs, pitched roofs, and verticalwalls.

In some embodiments (not shown) green roofing system 2236 comprisesbubble foil disposed between panel 2200 and underlying surface 2224.Bubble foil acts as an insulator and a vapor barrier. In someembodiments bubble foil is rFOIL marketed by TVM Building Products ofOntario, Canada.

Reference is now made to FIG. 46. FIG. 46 is a perspective view ofanother embodiment of green roofing system 2436 according to the presentinvention. The components of green roofing system 4636 are similar tothose of system 2236, and corresponding components are identified withsimilar reference numerals. As shown, adjacent panels 4600A, 4600B arenested in a connective carrier 4608. This configuration is suitable forsituations where it is preferable not to overlap panels 4600.

Reference is now made to FIG. 24. FIG. 24 is a perspective view ofanother embodiment of green roofing system 2436 according to the presentinvention. The components of green roofing system 2436 are similar tothose of system 2236, and corresponding components are identified withsimilar reference numerals. As shown, green roofing system 2436comprises multiple panels 2400 installed on an underlying surface 2424.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 24, a waterproof roofing membrane 2442is shown intermediate green roofing panels 2400 and underlying surface2424. In some applications, it is desirable to have a waterproofmembrane 2442 positioned directly under green roofing panels 2400. Suchmembranes 2442 may also serve as a root barrier to prevent unwantedpropagation of roots from vegetation 2440, especially in cases wheredrainage means 2416 are employed. Alternatively, a separate membrane(not shown) may be employed as a root barrier. In other embodiments,such as where a green roofing system is installed on a wooden deck, forexample, the roofing membrane 2442 may be not be in direct contact withpanels 2400. Drains 2418 are also shown in the embodiment shown in FIG.24.

As shown in FIG. 24, green roofing system 2436 is bordered by an edgedetail 2444. Edge detail 2444 serves to define the outer edge of greenroofing system 2436 and supports green roofing system 2436 on underlyingsurface 2424. Edge detail 2444 may be made of aluminum, galvanizedsteel, plastic, wood or another suitable material.

An erosion control mesh 2445 is also shown in the embodiment of greenroofing system 2436 illustrated in FIG. 24. Erosion control mesh 2445 isplaced over panels 2400, and is used to cover green roofing system 2436as required to provide additional support to vegetation 2440 as it growsthrough openings 2447 of erosion control mesh 2445. Erosion control mesh2445 can be made from a variety of plastics and metals and typicallywill have openings ranging from 1 cm to 25 cm. The erosion control mesh2445 with openings 2447 outside of this range may also be used. The sizeof suitable openings 2447 depends on the types of vegetation 2440 grown.The dimensions of erosion control mesh 2445 are variable, but typicallysheets between 1 mm and 10 mm in thickness and 0.5 m to 2 m in widthwill be cut from a roll in lengths as needed.

Reference is now made to FIG. 25. FIG. 25 illustrates a cross-sectionalview of an embodiment of green roofing system 2536 installed on anunderlying surface 2524. The components of green roofing system 2536 aresimilar to those of system 2236, and corresponding components areidentified with similar reference numerals. A panel 2500 is bent andaffixed to a curb 2538 by fasteners 2546. Fasteners 2546 can be anysuitable fasteners depending on the characteristics of curb 2538. Forexample, fasteners 2546 include nails, screws, concrete nails, lags,nuts, bolts, and combinations thereof. Roofing sealant (not shown) isdisposed between panel 2500 and curb 2538. In another embodiment (notshown), green roofing system 2536 is affixed to underlying surface 2524by fasteners 2546 and may or may not be affixed to curb 2538.

A perspective view of another embodiment of green roofing system 2236according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 26 at 2636. Thecomponents of green roofing system 2636 are similar to those of system2236, and corresponding components are identified with similar referencenumerals. FIG. 26 shows an edge detail 2644 affixed to a paving stone2648 by fasteners 2646 (not shown). Also, as shown, a flashing 2650covers panels a 2600 and a curb 2638 and adds additional structuralintegrity to green roofing system 2636. Typically flashing 2650 will bemade of aluminum, galvanized steel, or plastic, however, in otherembodiments other materials may be used.

Also shown in FIG. 26 is a substrate 2651 containing growth medium 2626.A cross sectional view of multiple substrate socks 2651 is shown in theembodiment of green roofing system 2636 illustrated in FIG. 26B.Substrate sock 2651 can be made from a variety of porous synthetic andnatural materials. For example substrate sock 2651 may be woven from aplastic such as polyester, or a natural material such as hemp.Typically, substrate sock 2651 will have a generally tubular shaperanging with a diameter of 2 cm or more. In one embodiment, substratesocks with a diameter ranging from 10 cm to 60 cm is used. A substratesock may dimensions outside of these ranges. The length of substratesock 2651 will vary depending on the required application, but willtypically be 50 cm or longer. For example, an embodiment may have aplurality of substrate socks ranging from 0.5 m to 25 m in length. Inother embodiments, a substrate sock may have a length outside theseranges. Substrate sock 2651 can serve a variety of functions. Forexample, substrate sock 2651 can be used to weigh down green roofingpanels 2600 in order to mitigate against uplift forces on panels 2600created by wind. For this purpose, substrate sock 2651 will typically bepositioned around the outer edges of green roofing system 2636 closestto the edge of underlying surface 2624. Substrate sock 2651 also servesanother means in which for vegetation 2640 to grow. By virtue of theporous structure of substrate sock 2651, vegetation 2640 is able to growin growth medium 2626 in substrate sock 2651 and at least partiallycover substrate sock 2651. Substrate sock 2651 can also serve to createlandscaping effects.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 27 and 28. FIG. 27 is a cross-sectionalview of an embodiment of an edge detail 2744. FIG. 28 illustrates across-sectional view of another embodiment of a green roofing system2736 interlocked with edge detail 2744 installed on an underlyingsurface 2724. The components of green roofing system 2736 are similar tothose of system 2236, and corresponding components are identified withsimilar reference numerals. Edge detail 2744 has interlocking means 2754corresponding with a first interlocking member 1428 and a secondinterlocking member 1430 of panels 1400 such that edge detail 2744 andpanels 1400 can be interlocked. Edge detail 2744 surrounds outer edge ofgreen roofing system 2736. Edge detail 2744 can be made of any suitablematerial including, but not limited to, rubber and plastics such aspolyester, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, and metalssuch as aluminum and galvanized steel, and combinations thereof.

Ballast 2756 placed in ballast zone 2758 affixes green roofing system2736 to underlying surface 2724. Ballast 2756 includes, but is notlimited to, gravel, cinder blocks, brick, crushed stone, sand,river-rock, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, edge detail2744 is affixed to underlying surface 2724 by fasteners 2746 (notshown). In some other embodiments ballast 2756 is placed at variouslocations on green roofing system 2736.

Reference is now made to FIG. 29, which shows a top view of anembodiment of nested panels 2900. Panels 2900 are similar to panels 100,and corresponding components are identified with similar referencenumerals. As shown, panels 2900 have been cut to so as to accommodate anangled joint 2960. Panels 2900 may be cut to almost any shape so as toaccommodate a particular geometry of an underlying surface 2924. Forexample, panels 2900 could be cut so as to fit around chimneys or airducts located on underlying surface 2924. As shown in FIG. 29, panels2900 along angled joint 2960 do not overlap each other. Instead, an edgedetail 2944A and 2944B (shown in heavy broken lines) are disposed underpanels 2900 (as described above) and abut to form angled joint 2960, asshown. While an angled joint 2960 is shown in FIG. 29, it will beobvious to one skilled in the art that similar panels 2900 can be madeto accommodate almost any geometry.

Reference is made to FIG. 30, which shows a cross-sectional view ofanother embodiment of green roofing system 2236 at 3036 according to thepresent invention. The components of green roofing system 3036 aresimilar to those of system 2236, and corresponding components areidentified with similar reference numerals. In this embodiment growthmedium 3026 is disposed in water retention compartments 3012, as shown.Growth medium 3026 may serve several purposes. If less water retentioncapacity is desirable, for example, gravel may be used to partially fillthe volume of water retention compartments 3012. In other applications,growth medium may be chosen based on the nutrient requirements ofvegetation.

A cross-sectional view of another embodiment of green roofing system2236 according to the present invention is shown at 3136 in FIG. 31. Thecomponents of green roofing system 3136 are similar to those of system2236, and corresponding components are identified with similar referencenumerals. In this embodiment an edge detail 3144 is affixed to anunderlying surface 3124 by fastener 3146, and a panel 3100 abuts edgedetail 3144 and fastener 3146.

A cross-sectional view of another embodiment of green roofing system2236 according to the present invention is shown at 3236 in FIG. 32. Thecomponents of green roofing system 3236 are similar to those of system2236, and corresponding components are identified with similar referencenumerals. In this embodiment, a paving stone 3262 is disposed on a panel3200 adjacent a divider plate 3264. Divider plate 3264 is affixed to acarrier 3208 by a fastener 3232 as shown. Typically divider plate 3264will be made of aluminum, galvanized steel, or plastic, however, inother embodiments other materials may be used.

A cross-sectional view of another embodiment of green roofing system2236 according to the present invention is shown at 3336 in FIG. 33. Thecomponents of green roofing system 3336 are similar to those of system2236, and corresponding components are identified with similar referencenumerals. In this embodiment anchor layers 3306 are disposed on oppositesides of a divider plate 3364, and divider plate 3364 is affixed to acarrier 3308 by a fastener 3332 as shown. Additionally, growth medium3326 is disposed on an anchor layer 3306 to provide additional supportfor vegetation 3340.

A cross-sectional view of another embodiment of green roofing system2236 according to the present invention is shown at 3436 in FIG. 34. Thecomponents of green roofing system 3436 are similar to those of system2236, and corresponding components are identified with similar referencenumerals. In this embodiment, growth medium 3426 is disposed to form ahill 3466 on an anchor layer 3406 with vegetation 3440. Additionally, aroofing membrane 3442 is disposed intermediate a panel 3400 and anunderlying surface 3424.

A cross-sectional view of another embodiment of green roofing system2236 according to the present invention is shown at 3536 in FIG. 35. Thecomponents of green roofing system 3436 are similar to those of system2236, and corresponding components are identified with similar referencenumerals. In this embodiment, an erosion control mesh 3545 is shown withwith vegetation 3440 growing through openings 3547.

A cross-sectional view of another embodiment of green roofing system2236 according to the present invention is shown at 3636 in FIG. 36. Thecomponents of green roofing system 3636 are similar to those of system2236, and corresponding components are identified with similar referencenumerals. In this embodiment, a panel 3600 is secured to an anchor plate3672 by a fastener 3646A and anchor plate 3672 is secured to anunderlying surface 3624 by fasteners 3646B, as shown. A membrane 3642 isdisposed intermediate underlying surface 3624 and a carrier 3608.Fastener 3646A passes through membrane 3642, and fasteners 3646B remainunder membrane 3642.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 40, 41, and 42. FIG. 40 illustrates a topview of green roofing system 4036 and irrigation means 4094. FIG. 41illustrates a cross-sectional view of green roofing system 4036 andirrigation means 4094. FIG. 42 illustrates a side view of irrigationmeans 4094. Irrigation means 4094 include irrigation pipes 4096 andbrackets 4098. Irrigation means 4094 may be used with all embodiments ofgreen roofing system 4036.

Brackets 4098 are interlocked with panels 4900 and irrigation pipe 4096is fastened to brackets 4098.

Irrigation pipe 4096 can be made of any suitable material including, butnot limited to, rubbers, plastics and metals. Irrigation pipe 4096 haswater outlets 40100. Irrigation pipe 4096 can be in any size or shape asdesign parameters permit.

In one embodiment irrigation pipe 4096 is cylindrical having a diameterbetween 0.5 cm and 20 cm. In another embodiment irrigation pipe 4096 isa commercially available soaker hose, which allows water to seep outthrough its outer walls.

Bracket 4098 includes a base 40102 and a clamp 40104. Base 40102 can bemade of any suitable material including, but not limited to, rubber andplastics such as polyester, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride,polypropylene, and combinations thereof.

Base 40102 is interlocked with panel 4000. Base 40102 has interlockingmember 40106. Base 40102 can be interlocked with panel 4000 by pressinginterlocking member 40106 into second interlocking member 4030 of waterretention compartment 4012. Interlocked base 40102 can be pulled out ofwater retention compartment 4012. In some embodiments base 40102 andpanel 4000 can be interlocked by an interference fit.

Clamp 40104 can be any suitable mechanical fastening means. In someembodiments clamp 40104 is a cable zip-tie. In another embodiment clamp40104 is a hose clamp.

Reference is now made to FIG. 43. FIG. 43 illustrates a top view ofgreen roofing system 4336 and of another embodiment of irrigation means4336. Irrigation means 4336 comprise sprinklers 43108. Sprinklers 43108may be any suitable type including, but not limited to, spray head,rotor head, oscillating, pop-up, and combinations thereof. Irrigationpipes 4396 in this embodiment may or may not have water outlets 40100.

A perspective view of another embodiment of green roofing system 2236according to the present invention is shown at 3936 in FIG. 39. Thecomponents of green roofing system 3936 are similar to those of system2236, and corresponding components are identified with similar referencenumerals. In this embodiment, green roofing system 3936 is installed ona pitched underlying surface 3924. Panels 3900 overlap and are affixedto underlying surface 3924 by fasteners 3946. In the embodiment shown,panels 3900 overlap in a shingled fashion such that the panels 3900 aregenerally installed moving up the pitch of underlying surface 3924, i.e.so that upper panels 3900A overlap adjacent lower panels 3900B.Installing roofing panels 3900 in this manner allows for panels 3900 toreplace roofing shingles that would normally be installed on a pitchedroof. Green roofing system 3936 is also supported by edge detail 3944,which is affixed to underlying surface 3924 by fasteners 3946 (notshown).

Additionally a peak attachment adapter 3962 is disposed intermediatecarrier 3908 and anchor layer 3906 of panels 3900 abutting at the peakof underlying surfaces 3924A. 3924B, as shown. Peak attachment adapter3962 is also shown in FIGS. 39B and 44. FIG. 39B is a perspective viewan embodiment of green roofing system 3936 shown in FIG. 39, andcorresponding components are identified with similar reference numerals,but also includes a side brace 3970. FIG. 44 is perspective view of peakattachment adapter 3962. Peak attach adapter 3962 has top flaps 39118A,39188B which cover and are attached to a portion of carriers 3908A,3908B, and is affixed to carriers 3908 by fasteners 3932 (not shown).Peak attachment adapter 3962 also includes bottom flaps 39120A, 39120B,which attach to underlying surfaces 3924A, 3924B with fasteners 3946. Asshown, carrier 3908 is received in a cavity defined between top flap39118 and bottom flap 39120. Peak attachment adapter 3962 furthercomprises a centre portion 39122 and flex grooves 39124, whichfacilitate bending of peak attachment adapter 3962 to accommodate theattachment angel between underlying surfaces 3924A, 3924B. Typicallyattachment adapter 3962 will be made of aluminum, galvanized steel, orplastic, however, in other embodiments other materials may be used.

Reference is now made to FIG. 39C, which is a cross-sectional viewshowing side brace 3970 illustrated in FIG. 39B. As shown, side brace3970 is used to affix panel 3900 to underlying surface 3924. As shown,side brace 3970 is affixed to underlying surface 3924 by fasteners 3946,and is disposed intermediate anchor layer 3906 and carrier 3908. Sidebrace 3970 is affixed to carrier 3908 by bond 3971, as shown. Bond 3971may be a chemical bond, a heat bond, or plastic weld, for example.Typically, side brace 3970 will be made of aluminum, galvanized steel,or plastic, however, in other embodiments other materials may be used.

A cross-sectional view of another embodiment of green roofing system2236 according to the present invention is shown at 3736 in FIG. 37. Thecomponents of green roofing system 3736 are similar to those of system2236, and corresponding components are identified with similar referencenumerals. In this embodiment, system 3736 is shown mounted to aninclined underlying surface 3724 in proximity to a gutter 3774. Ananchor 3706 is supported by an end plate 3776, which is attached to acarrier 3708 by fastener 3732, and carrier 3708 is affixed to an underplate 3778 by fastener 3746A. As shown, under plate 3778 is affixed tounderlying surface 3724 by fasteners 3746B and 3746C.

Reference is now made to FIG. 38. FIG. 38 illustrates a cross-sectionalview of another embodiment of green roofing system 3836 installed on anunderlying surface 3824 with tension system 3880. The components ofgreen roofing system 3836 are similar to those of system 2236, andcorresponding components are identified with similar reference numerals.Tension systems 3880 are installed around the outer edge of greenroofing system 3836 as required to secure installation. Tension system3880 includes an edge detail 3844 comprising a bracing means 3882attached to a tightening bracket 3884. Tightening bracket 3884 isattached to a mechanical fastener 3886 affixed to a face 3888 ofunderlying surface 3824. Tightening bracket 3884 comprises male threadedrods 3890 and a female linkage 3892. By turning female linkage 3892,tension is applied to green roofing system 3836 as required to secureinstallation. Male threaded rods 3890 and female linkage 3892 can bemade of any suitable material including, but not limited to, metal andplastics.

A perspective view of another embodiment of green roofing system 2236according to the present invention is shown at 4536 in FIG. 45. Thecomponents of green roofing system 4536 are similar to those of system2236, and corresponding components are identified with similar referencenumerals. In this embodiment, green roofing system 4536 is installed ona pitched underlying surface 4524 abutting a parapet 45128. As shown, inthis embodiment a peak attachment adapter 4562 is attached to a carrier4508 and an underlying surface 4524 by fasteners 4546. In thisembodiment, peak attachment adapter 4562 comprises a top flap 45118Aattached to carrier 4508 and a top flap 45118B attached to underlyingsurface 4524, a centre portion 45122 is also attached to parapet 45128by fasteners 4546.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 47 to 49. FIG. 47 is a perspective view agreen roofing panel 4700, according to an additional embodiment of thepresent invention. FIG. 48 is a cross sectional view of a portion ofgreen roofing panel 4700. FIG. 49 is a cross sectional view of a portionof green roofing panel 4700 with vegetation growing therefrom. Panel4700 is similar to panel 600 and corresponding components are identifiedwith similar reference numerals, incremented by 4100. Panel 4700includes an anchor 4706 and a carrier 4708.

Carrier 4708 includes a web 4710 and a plurality of water retentioncompartments 4712 extending downward from a top portion of the web 4710.The water retention compartments 4712 can be provided in a regularrepeating side-by-side pattern throughout web 4710. Alternatively, waterretention compartments 4712 may follow a repeating, staggered pattern,for example, as defined by the water retention compartments 1012 shownin FIG. 10.

Anchor 4706 (also called a bio blanket) is generally similar to anchor606 except that anchor 4706 has dimples 4720. Anchor 4706 lies againstthe top portion (i.e. upper surface) of carrier 4706 in a generallycontinuous fashion.

As shown in FIG. 47 (with a portion of anchor 4706 peeled away fromcarrier 4708), the anchor includes a mat portion that is generally flat,and a plurality of dimples 4720 each presenting a protruding portion4721 that extends from the underside of the mat of the anchor 4706 to abase portion of the dimple 4720. The protruding portions 4721 areadapted to nest inside water retention compartments 4712, which nestingcan interlock anchor 4706 and carrier 4708 together.

The dimples 4720 are positioned on anchor 4706 to correspond topositions of the water retention compartments 4712 in the web 4710. Thepositioning of the dimples on the anchor 4706 can follow a repeatingside-by-side or staggered pattern similar to that of water retentioncompartments 4712. Protruding portions 4721 can have an externalgeometry shaped to match the interior shape of water retentioncompartments 4712 to provide a snug fit such that an exterior surface ofthe protruding portion 4721 contacts the interior surface of the waterretention compartment 4712. Nesting anchor 4706 within carrier 4708 inthis manner can reduce the need for alternative affixing means such asrivets, plastic weldings or other fasteners previously described.Depending on the application and degree of nesting, fasteners may or maynot be used to secure anchor 4706 to carrier 4708. Alternatively, thebottom portion or anchor 4706 or the top portion of carrier 4708 mayinclude an adhesive to secure anchor 4706 to carrier 4708. For example,a spray adhesive may be used.

Dimples 4720 can be generally circular in shape (when viewed fromabove), having a diameter D, and a depth L. In the example illustrated,the sidewalls (forming the protruding portions) and base of the dimples4720 are of generally equal thickness in cross-section, and have thesame cross-sectional thickness as the planar mat portion (i.e. portionsintermediate adjacent dimples 4720) of anchor 4706. The diameter D canbe between 1 cm and 25 cm, and the depth L can be between 0.1 cm and 10cm. The particular dimensions of the diameter D and depth L can beincreased or decreased depending on the overall size and thickness ofpanel 4700, or to suit a particular installation or types of vegetationto be supported by the panel 4700. The anchor 4706 can have a thicknessof between 0.1 cm and 20 cm.

Protruding portions 4721 can be tapered either inward or outward withincreasing distance from the underside of the mat of anchor 4706. In theexample illustrated, protruding portions 4721 are tapered inward fromthe underside of anchor 4706, decreasing in diameter with increasingdistance from the mat. This inward tapering of the dimples 4720 canprovide easier installation of anchor 4706 into carrier 4708. The inwardtapering can also facilitate manufacturing of the anchor 4706, as with apunch for forming the dimples. Alternatively, protruding portion may betapered outward from the underside of anchor 4706, increasing indiameter with increasing distance from the underside of the mat of theanchor 4706. Such outward tapering can provide a snap-fit interlockingaction of the dimples within the water retention compartments, which canincrease the retention force provided by the interlocking. Inembodiments where protruding portion 4721 has an outward taper, waterretention compartment 4712 may also have an outward taper.

In some embodiments, protruding portions 4721 may be cylindrical,frustoconical, hemi-spherical, rectangular or other shapes, and theinterior shape of water retention compartments 4712 can match that ofthe protruding portions 4721 of the dimples. The bottom edges ofprotruding portions 4721 can be filleted to allow easier alignment ofanchor 4706 with respect to carrier 4708.

Anchor 4706 (and the mat portion thereof) can be made from a poroussheet of intertwined fibers, such as: hemp, rockwool, wood fibers,coconut fibers, plastics (such as polyester, polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, polypropylene) regular/irregular intertwined wire, coatedwire, metals (such as copper and steel), combinations of the precedingand other materials. The intertwined fibers of anchor 4706 can provide aplatform or support mat for growth of vegetation 4740. Anchor 4706 mayinclude a growth media to provide nutrients to vegetation 4740. Forexample, growth media may include soil, sand, gravel, fertilizer, peat,compost, super-absorbent polymers and combinations thereof.

As shown in FIG. 49, roots 4742 of vegetation 4740 can entangle withinanchor 4706. Accordingly, dimples 4720 can allow roots 4742 to grow tothe bottom of water retention compartments 4712, providing better accessto water and nutrients located therein. The dimples 4720 may alsoprovide a repository for a growth medium, water, vegetation nutrientsand other materials.

As shown in FIG. 49, dimples 4720 can include tapered walls 4724 oflower fiber density to promote growth and entanglement of roots 4742.The walls 4724 can promote water and nutrient transfer from waterretention compartments 4712 to vegetation 4740 growing in the undersideof anchor layer 4706. In additional embodiments, anchor 4706 may includeother portions having lower fiber density to achieve similar benefits tothose described above.

At least the distal end of the protruding portion of the dimples 4720can contact liquids contained in the retention compartments 4712. Thedimples can thus absorb and redistribute water through capillary actionto other portions of anchor 4706, which can improve nutrient transferand promote healthier plant growth.

The upper surface of the anchor can be flat, providing an anchor that isthicker through the dimple sections than through non-dimpled sections.In other words, the dimples can in some examples (not illustrated)comprise protruding portions extending from the underside of the anchor,without any corresponding recesses in the upper surface of the anchor.Such a configuration can provide increased water and/or growth mediaretention capability, particularly in the portions proximate the waterretaining compartments of the carrier.

Alternatively, as in the example illustrated, the upper surface of theanchor 4706 can have recesses or pockets generally corresponding to theinner (upwardly facing) surface of the protruding portions 4721 of thedimples 4720. Anchors with a flat upper surface (not shown) can bevulnerable to movement or shifting of the growth media (e.g. by wind andwater), which can adversely affect growth characteristics for vegetationsupported by the anchor. In the example illustrated, the recessedpockets of the dimples 4720 can reduce such erosion effects by providinga seat for the growth media that is sheltered below the upper surface ofthe anchor, and disposed generally within water retention compartments4712. In the example illustrated, since growth media is provided belowthe top surface of anchor 4706 (i.e. within the recesses of the dimples4720), wind and water are inhibited from eroding the growth materialaway from the recesses. The dimples 4720 thus provide recesses orpockets internal of the dimples in which vegetation can take root. Theroots 4742 can extend to (and be anchored in) the base of the dimples4720, at a point below the upper surface of the carrier web. Thus windand rainfall are less likely to move or damage vegetation 4740, and thepanel 4700 can provide a more stable environment for vegetation incomparison to conventional flat anchors.

Referring again to FIG. 48, carrier 4708 can further include drainageholes 4722. Drainage holes 4722 can drain away excess water from roofingpanel 4700, which can, for example, enhance aeration. The size, locationand number of drainage holes 4722 can be determined by design parameterssuch as climate, vegetation hydration requirements and other drainagerequirements for the green roofing system as previously described.

Sediment accumulation around drainage holes is a notable problem withconventional panels that include a filtration layer between the carrierand anchor. As water filters through the filtration layer, sedimentcollects and a sediment barrier can block the drainage holes. Slowaccumulation can lead to decreasing drainage performance and eventually,complete blockage.

In the present embodiment, water tends to collect within a sump of thedimples 4720 and then settles in water retention compartments 4712.Since the sump of dimples 4720 lies below or to the side of drainageholes 4722, sediment is less likely to collect near drainage holes 4722.Collection of sediment near the sump of dimples 4720 can reduce theamount of sediment blockage around drainage holes 4722 to maintainbetter drainage performance with respect to sediment accumulation.

Referring now to FIGS. 50 and 51, illustrated therein is a perspectiveview of a stamping tool 5000 according to an embodiment of the presentinvention. The stamping tool can be used to make anchor layer 4706. FIG.50 is a perspective view of stamping tool 5000 and an anchor layer 4706having dimples 4720. FIG. 51 is a cross-sectional view of a portion ofstamping tool 5000. Although stamping tool 5000 is described withreference to forming panel 4700, it will be understood by one skilled inthe art that stamping tool 5000 may form other types of panels.

Stamping tool 5000 includes a top plate 5010 having a plurality of maleheads 5012, and a bottom plate 5020 having a plurality of female wells5022. The male heads 5012 are generally positioned to be receivablewithin the female wells 5022 when the top plate 5010 and the bottomplate 5020 are brought together. Both male heads 5012 and female wells5022 can be positioned in a repeating side-by-side pattern correspondingto that of dimples 4720. Male heads 5012 can be slightly smaller thanfemale wells 5022 to provide a clearance for the anchor layer and theformation of walls thereof. Top plate 5010 and bottom plate 5020 may bemoved relative to each other by a variety of means including manually ina press (i.e. by hand), or in a machine powered press, such as bypneumatic, hydraulic, or electrical power.

To form dimples 4720, a blank anchor layer (having no dimples) is placedon bottom plate 5020 and underneath the top plate 5010. Once the blankanchor layer is in position, top plate depresses, moving male heads 5012toward the openings of female wells 5022. When male heads 5012 contactthe blank and continue to be urged further into the blank mat, dimples4720 begin to form on the blank anchor layer. Once stamping tool 5000reaches the end of its stroke, top plate 5010 and bottom plate 5020 pullapart. Stamping tool 5000 should have a stroke that ends when top plate5010 is separated from bottom plate 5020 by a distance approximatelyequal to the thickness of the blank anchor layer. Alternatively,stamping tool may have a slightly longer stroke that compresses theanchor layer. After stamping tool 5000 completely retracts, anchor layer4706 can be removed and attached to carrier 4708.

As shown in FIGS. 50 and 51, male heads 5012 and female wells 5022 aregenerally cylindrical, but stamping machine 5000 can form tapered walls4742 as described previously with reference to FIG. 49. The taperedwalls form after stamping tool retracts, and when the anchor layerretracts elastically to form the tapered walls 4742 around dimples 4720.The tool 5000 can include radially extendable/retractable sidewalls onthe heads 5012 (such as an expanding collet or mandrel element) forforming reverse tapers. In alternative embodiments, male heads andfemale wells may be different shapes to provide alternative shapes. Forexample, male heads and female wells may be frustoconical, spherical,rectangular, or pyramidal.

As shown in FIG. 51, female wells 5022 extend through bottom plate 5020.In alternative embodiments, female wells 5022 may extend only partiallyinto bottom plate 5020.

In an additional embodiment of the present invention, anchor layer 4706may be formed directly onto carrier 4708. In this embodiment, carrier4708 is placed on bottom plate 5020 such that the underside of waterretention compartments 4712 nest inside female wells 5020. An adhesivemay be applied to the top portion of carrier 4708 to promote secureattachment of the anchor layer to carrier 4708. Adhesive may also beapplied to the underside of the blank anchor layer. The blank anchorlayer (with generally flat upper and underside surfaces) is thenpositioned on top of carrier 4708 and top plate 5010 depresses ontobottom plate 5020. The top plate can comprise a peripheral element and acentral element independent of the peripheral element, and can bepressed in a two stage operation, in which first the peripheralengagement element is lowered to grip the perimeter of the anchor layer,and second the central engagement element comprising the male heads 5012is pressed towards the blank. As male heads 5012 contact the blank,dimples 4720 begin to form on the blank anchor layer. In addition, theblank anchor layer presses firmly against carrier 4708. If an adhesiveis present, the adhesive bonds the blank anchor layer to carrier 4708.At the end of the stroke, top plate 5010 and bottom plate 5020 may beheld in position to cure the adhesive. In some cases, top plate 5010 andbottom plate 5020 may squeeze together further during the curing step toimprove contact between anchor layer 4706 and carrier 4708. Top plate5010 and bottom plate 5020 then retract from each other and panel 4700can be removed. The bonding of the anchor layer to the carrier and theforming of the dimples in the anchor layer can be formed in oneoperation (although the press may comprise first and second stageswithin the single operation).

Referring now to FIG. 52, illustrated therein is a perspective view of agreen roofing panel 5200, made in accordance with an additionalembodiment of the present invention. Panel 5200 is similar to panel 600,and corresponding components are identified with similar referencenumerals, incremented by 4600. Panel 5200 includes an anchor layer 5206and a carrier 5208.

As shown, a growth medium 5226 is placed on anchor layer 5206.Vegetation clippings 5290 are then spread on growth medium 5226 topromote faster vegetation growth.

In an additional embodiment, a green roofing panel made according to oneof the embodiments of the present invention may be placed within agreenhouse or a similar facility to pre-grow vegetation. Pre-grownvegetation can allow faster and easier installation of panels. Withpre-grown vegetation, benefits associated with green roofing systems canbe realized almost immediately after installation.

As an example, a pre-grown panel can require less maintenance thanconventional green roofs that are not pre-grown. When first installed,conventional green roofs may require significant maintenance withrespect to watering, germination, and weeding. Careful maintenance canbe required for up to two years for conventional green roofs,significantly raising the cost of the roofing panel. With a pre-grownpanel, watering, germination and weeding can be carried out in afacility with a controlled environment and professional staff.Accordingly, healthier vegetation may grow on the pre-grown panels andless maintenance may be needed after installation.

Since the environment at a pre-grow site can be controlled throughoutthe seasons, pre-grown panels can be installed over a longer periodwithout consideration for an initial growing period. In addition,vegetation on pre-grown panels can be heartier during the first monthsafter installation. Accordingly, pre-grown vegetation can have bettersurvivability during the first year after installation in comparison tothe vegetation grown on conventional panels. Conventional panels withoutpre-grown vegetation can often experience growth difficulties afterharsh seasonal weather conditions, for example, snowy or dry periods. Apre-grown panel may experience few difficulties in such harsh seasonalweather conditions and may have better survivability.

In an additional embodiment, vegetation may be pre-grown on a panel at apre-grow site located geographically near an installation site.Pre-growing vegetation in the same, or a similar, climate to theinstallation site can improve the long-term survivability of thevegetation.

The invention has been described with regard to a number of embodiments.However, it will be understood by persons skilled in the art that othervariations and modifications may be made without departing from thescope of the invention as defined in the claims appended hereto.

1. A roofing panel comprising: a) a carrier comprising a web with an upper surface; b) a plurality of water retention compartments provided in the web and depending generally downwardly from the upper surface of the web; c) an anchor layer overlying at least a portion of the upper surface of the web, the anchor layer having an underside surface generally bearing against the upper surface of the web; and d) a plurality of dimples provided on the anchor layer, each of the dimples comprising a protruding portion extending generally downwardly from the underside surface of the anchor layer, the protruding portions adapted to be received at least partially within respective ones of the water retention compartments.
 2. The roofing panel of claim 1, wherein the dimples are positioned on the anchor to correspond to positions of the water retention compartments on the web, such that the protruding portions of at least a first group of the dimples nest inside a first group of the water retention compartments.
 3. The roofing panel of claim 2, wherein the positions of the water retention compartments follow a repeating pattern.
 4. The roofing panel of claim 1, wherein the protruding portions are shaped to correspond to an interior surface of the water retention compartments in which the protruding portions are nested.
 5. The roofing panel of claim 4, wherein the protruding portions extend to a sufficient depth within the water retention compartments to generally abut a lower surface of the water retention compartments.
 6. The roofing panel of claim 1, wherein each of the dimples comprises a base and a sidewall extending from the underside of the anchor layer to the base.
 7. The roofing panel of claim 6, wherein the dimples are generally circular in shape when viewed from above, the dimples each having a diameter between 1 cm and 25 cm, and a depth between 0.1 cm and 10 cm.
 8. The roofing panel of claim 6, wherein each dimple has an interior defining a recess in a top surface of the anchor, the top surface disposed opposite the underside surface.
 9. The roofing panel of claim 8 wherein each recess in the dimples defines a sump, and wherein the carrier further comprises drainage holes, the drainage holes being located away from the sump.
 10. The roofing panel of claim 6, wherein the anchor layer comprises intertwined fibers, and the sidewall of each of the dimples comprises a lower intertwined fiber density than other portions of the anchor layer.
 11. The roofing panel of claim 10, wherein the anchor layer further comprises pre-grown vegetation, the pre-grown vegetation being grown at a site remote from the site of installation of the roofing panel.
 12. A method of producing a roofing panel comprising the steps of: a) placing a blank anchor layer in a stamping machine, wherein the stamping machine comprises: a first plate comprising a plurality of male heads, and a second plate comprising a plurality of female wells, the male heads and female wells being aligned such that the male heads are receivable within the female wells, the blank anchor layer being placed between the first plate and the second plate; and b) forming a plurality of dimples in the blank anchor layer by closing the first plate and the second plate together such that the male heads align with the female wells.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of laying the blank anchor layer on an upper surface of a carrier, the carrier comprising a web, and a plurality of water retention compartments formed in the web, wherein a first group of the dimples nest inside a first group of the water retention compartments.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of forming the dimples includes pressing an underside of the blank anchor layer against the upper surface of the carrier.
 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of placing an adhesive on at least one of an underside surface of the blank anchor layer and the upper surface of the carrier.
 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of curing the adhesive.
 17. A roofing system comprising a plurality of roofing panels, each of the plurality of roofing panels comprising: a) a carrier comprising a web with an upper surface; b) a plurality of water retention compartments provided in the web and depending generally downwardly from the upper surface; c) an anchor layer overlying at least a portion of the upper surface of the web such that an underside of the anchor layer at least partially contacts the upper surface of the web; and d) a plurality of dimples formed in the anchor layer, wherein each of the dimples comprises a protruding portion extending from an underside of the anchor layer, wherein at least one of the protruding portions nests inside at least one of the water retention compartments.
 18. The roofing system of claim 17, wherein the plurality of roofing panels further comprises: a) a first roofing panel with a first group of water retention compartments located laterally adjacent a first edge of the carrier of the first roofing panel; b) a second roofing panel with a second group of water retention compartments located laterally adjacent a second edge of the carrier of the second roofing panel; and wherein the first group of water retention compartments nests within the second group of water retention compartments.
 19. The roofing system of claim 18, wherein a first group of the dimples on the anchor layer of either the first roofing panel, or the second roofing panel, nest inside the first group of water retention compartments.
 20. The roofing system of claim 19, wherein the water retention compartments and the dimples have a repeating pattern to allow nesting of a first group of water retention compartments of a first roofing panel inside a second group of water retention compartments of a second roofing panel. 